The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. Figure1: Cyberspace Operations Missions, Actions, and Forces. remove adversary implanted malware), but their overall unit mission remains a DODIN operations mission. Despite a desire to understand cyberspace and to protect ourselves, a dearth of clear, concise guidance for the joint force has led to a lack of emphasis on cyberspace and cyberspace security in planning and operations. Despite Cyber Command's new authorities, Moscow's hackers are comparatively unfettered by legal or normative boundaries and have a far wider menu of means and methods in competing with the United States short of all-out war. Special reports by expert journalists focus on defense budgets, military tactics, doctrine and strategy. Conclusion: Long Road Ahead 31Prospects for US-Russia Cyber Rules of the Road:A Russian Perspective 33 Commanders and directors of DOD organizations must take ownership of their assigned cyberspace. Annual Lecture on China. Additionally, the joint force function of protecting cyberspace consists largely of cyberspace security actions, and when required, cyberspace defense actions. Full event video and after-event thoughts from the panelists. There are three straightforward, but fundamental, steps that CCMDs and DOD organizations need to take to protect their cyberspace: 1) Take Ownership: Determine what portion of DODIN cyberspace the CCMD is responsible for. Our research shows, however, that the role countries are likely to assume in decarbonized energy systems will be based not only on their resource endowment but also on their policy choices. While the United States has displayed a growing willingness to launch operations against Russia, Moscow has somewhat bolstered its military cyber capacity by expanding recruiting initiatives and malware development. The notion that Russia's 2016 effort to affect the U.S. presidential election was a Cyber or Political Pearl Harbor is an appropriate comparison only in the sense that U.S. officials were blindsided by Moscow's distinct approach to cyber warfare: an almost seamless blend of psychological and technical operations that differs from most Western concepts. Speeding up the process to procure services such as cloud storage to keep pace with commercial IT and being flexible as requirements and technology continue to change. NOCs configure, operate, extend, maintain, and sustain the CCMD cyberspace and are primarily responsible for operating CCMD cyberspace. An official website of the United States Government. If the goal of concluding a U.S.-Russian cyber treaty were to become more realistic, the U.S. authors conclude that buy-in from the U.S. legislative branch would be crucial and rules that narrowly focus on technical infrastructurefor example, forbidding illicit changes to ballots or hacks of election software and hardwaremay be the most palatable for both sides, as opposed to broader, more general rules. Twitter. Russian military hackers, for example, have gone after everything from the Orthodox Church to U.S. think tanks, and they launched what the Trump administration called the most costly cyberattack in history. As this process matures, cyberspace planners will know what MRT-C and KT-C must be protected throughout all phases of the various scenarios in joint force plans and operations. More commercial technology will be integrated into current systems for maximum effectiveness in the ever-changing cybersphere. Pacific Command Eyes Layered Communications Network, Given Budgets, the Stars Show Uneasy Future for Air Force Space Systems, Weapons Not the Answer for Potentially Catastrophic Meteors, Website design and development by Americaneagle.com. Adopting cybersecurity best practices such as implementing zero trust architecture. Appendix 1 67 In response to these threats, U.S. Cyber Command has taken a comprehensive and proactive approach, she said, that involves being able to defend forward anywhere in the world, in order to respond to cyber and other threats before they reach the homeland, Mortelmans said. The U.S. and Russia should strive toward a much better understanding of one anothers red lines (i.e., what actions would trigger retaliation, especially kinetic retaliation) and cyber-mission priorities, intents, capabilities and organization. Arguably, the DODs established processes and bureaucracy are not suited to the fast-paced world of cyberspace. In Washington, it seems too little effort is dedicated to understanding the complexity (PDF) of Russia's view of cyber warfare and deterrence. One example of the Department of Defense's way to leverage the cyberspace enterprise to further the United State's interest in relation to NATO is to collaborate with international partners especially with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members. Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia, RAND Experts Discuss the First Year of the Russia-Ukraine War, Helping Coastal Communities Plan for Climate Change, Measuring Wellbeing to Help Communities Thrive, Assessing and Articulating the Wider Benefits of Research, >Cyber Threats from the U.S. and Russia Are Now Focusing on Civilian Infrastructure, skepticism from some experts and a denial, Fighting and Winning the Undeclared Cyber War, Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone, Accountability in Cyberspace: The Problem of Attribution. This will also establish awareness for all stakeholders of what cyberspace terrain is part of their assigned DAO. Information Quality For example, a unit executing a DODIN operations mission can be conducting cyberspace security actions (e.g. 93, May 17 2021. There are also cyber criminals who pose a growing threat from their use of ransomware to extort money from local and state governments as well as the commercial sector, she said. Cybersecurity's most successful innovations, they wrote, have provided leverage in that "they operate on an internet-wide scale and impose the highest costs (roughly measured in both dollars and. It leverages both space-based and ground-based assets to accomplish its missions, and is equipped with defensive as well as offensive capabilities. Arlington, Andrey Krutskikh, the Kremlin's bombastic point man on cyber-diplomacy issues, likened Russia's development of cyber capabilities that year to the Soviet Union's first successful atomic bomb test in 1949. [7] Pomerleau, Mark, The Pentagon is moving away from the Joint Regional Security Stacks, C4ISRNET, November 1 2021, https://www.c4isrnet.com/it-networks/2021/11/01/the-pentagon-is-moving-away-from-the-joint-regional-security-stacks/. Cyber Bones of Contention in US-Russian Relations 37 There are three types of cyberspace missions: offensive cyberspace operations (OCO), defensive cyberspace operations (DCO), and Department of Defense information network (DODIN) operations (DODIN Ops); and, four types of cyberspace actions: attack, exploitation, security, and defense (Figure 1). This statement could be a result of the DoD's limited . The DODIN is DODs classified and unclassified enterprise. U.S. officials fret about Moscow's ability to wield its authoritarian power to corral Russian academia, the private sector, and criminal networks to boost its cyber capacity while insulating state-backed hackers from direct attribution. The authors likewise have differing assessments of cyber-related progress on the diplomatic front: While the Russian author describes impressive successes in bringing the U.S. and Russian positions on cybersecurity closer together at the U.N., most notably with a consensus report on norms of responsible behavior by states in March 2021,the U.S. authors note that Russia hasused multilateral institutions, including two U.N. groups on cybersecurity, to advance its own conceptualization of cyber norms, sometimes undermining Western influence.. It is composed of 44 different DOD components made up of service, agency, and combatant command constructed networks (Figure 2). A highly regarded news source for defense professionals in government and industry, National Defense offers insight and analysis on defense programs, policy, business, science and technology. Research, ideas, and leadership for a more secure, peaceful world. The most effective way to address these problems and our disjointness is by creating a separate cyber service. The U.S. recently suspended its obligations under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and gave notice of its intent to withdraw after long-term violations of the treaty by Russia, a. by Lindsay Maizland 3) Identify all MRT-C and KT-C: Identify what cyberspace terrain is relevant from a mission commander standpoint. [4] The DODIN is the biggest network in the world. Often, there are pieces of cyberspace terrain that are critical for mission or network function that are not obvious (e.g. (NB: The U.S. authors are more skeptical about such efforts than the Russian author.). These concepts describe the approach required for the cyberspace domain. At some point the U.S. and Russia may be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. An attack is based on the effects that are caused, rather than the means by which they are achieved. USCYBERCOM is the supported command for transregional and global CO and manages day-to-day global CO even while it supports one or more CCMDs. Such ensures that its programs and projects not only do not fail but also encourage enthusiastic, increasing, positively reinforcing support with widespread acceptance of the visions provided, and to be subsequently eventually, and as soon as is possible, realised and presented in media via US based/US centric proprietary advanced intellectual property means, inclusive of exclusive virtual memes. WhatsApp. The U.S. authors believe that key concerns for the U.S. government in the cyber domain include stopping foreign interference and disinformation intended to undermine American democracy, protecting critical infrastructure, preventing or guarding against reckless malware and safeguarding confidential communications, and that some of the related threats emanate directly from Russia. One of Moscows chief interests, in the U.S. authors view, is weaponizing cyber capabilities to sow discord and embarrass Western powers it views as undermining its sovereignty (principally the United States).. Unlike the air domain, the space domain is expanding as a realm of competition nearly simultaneously with another domain: cyberspace. The stage is set to successfully consolidate multiple cybersecurity efforts. Then, Washington must understand why it failed, writes Stephen Walt. If you violate this Legal Notice, NDIA may, in its sole discretion, delete the unacceptable content from your posting, remove or delete the posting in its entirety, issue you a warning, and/or terminate your use of the NDIA site. DHS and FBI characterize this activity as a multi-stage intrusion campaign by Russian government cyber actors who targeted small commercial facilities' networks where they staged malware, conducted spear phishing, and gained remote access into energy sector networks. Telling Black Stories: What We All Can Do. Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Backgrounder They use information operations, troop movements, proxy fighters, propaganda, diplomacy, economic pressures, and threats to coerce countries.Jim Garamone[2]. The Russian author likewise believes the U.S. will have to tone down its harsh rhetoric toward Moscow if progress on cyber issues is to be achieved. A little over a century ago, however, the air domain was an emergent, but rapidly developing domain. These include: Protecting DOD Cyberspace, Now and Beyond. 2020 National Defense Industrial Association. Both systems are crucial to the global internets very function and yet remain fundamentally insecurevulnerable to outright manipulation. The first US Air force chief software officer, Nicolas Chaillan, who spent three years on a Pentagon-wide effort to boost cyber security, resigned late in 2021, arguing, we do not have a competing fighting chance against China in 15 to 20 years. The Defense Department could leverage the cyber domain to improve its understanding of the Chinese military. Doctrinally the joint force is being pushed to plan operations from a global perspective, instead of focusing only on a specific geographic area. Virtually all countries have access to some renewable energy resources (especially solar and wind power) and could thus substitute foreign supply with local resources. Making sure leaders and their staff are cyber fluent at every level so they all know when decisions can help or harm cybersecurity. This then translates into a critical task for CSSPs. Hearing some of these calls, we at Russia Matters and the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism were moved to probe them further: Is a cyber rules-of-the-road agreement feasible? As the joint force shifts its focus towards trans-regional, all-domain, multi-functional (TAM) strategic competition, nowhere are these concepts more relevant than in cyberspace. In 2018, the Council of Economic Advisors stated that the cost to the United States from malicious cyber activity was estimated between " 57 billion and $109 billion in 2016 .". Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate (CADD) This article establishes a clear, shared understanding of DOD cyberspace, provides guidance to the DOD to protect its cyberspace, and illustrates current and future efforts to improve DODs cybersecurity. There are other efforts to modernize cybersecurity within the DOD (and the federal government as a whole) that are relevant to CCMDs and all DOD organizations. Each CCMD has DAO-level CSSPs and NOCs. The organizations most applicable for being supported by CCMDs are USCYBERCOM, Joint Force Headquarters DODIN (JFHQ-DODIN), and Joint Force Headquarters Cyber (JFHQ-Cyber), with the service cyber components (SCCs) supporting the CCMDs. Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. November 4, 2022 Combatant commands with assigned geographic areas are unique in that each military service has portions of its own service networks that fall within the geographic purview of different combatant commands. Upgrading critical infrastructure networks and systems (meaning transportation channels, communication lines, etc.) Information sharing about threats, absent a strong model for interagency collaboration and a specific desired end state, is not enough. We have only created a band-aid solution and pieced together the infrastructure with the cheapest possible solutions. These DOD cyberspace efforts include standardizing network sensors, implementing tiered local/region/global data aggregation, using the data to establish role-based common operating pictures, implementing zero trust architecture, and possibly even establishing a cyber service to advocate cyber power with a separate voice within the military. [3] The Chinese are heading for global dominance because of their advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cyber capabilities, and that these emerging technologies were far more critical to Americas future than hardware such as big-budget fifth-generation fighter jets such as the F-35. "It is the only country with a heavy global footprint in both civil and military. Justin Sherman (@jshermcyber) is a fellow at the Atlantic Councils Cyber Statecraft Initiative. But do we have an adequate level of protection and shared understanding of our cyberspace and does our current structure work for the foreseeable future. A new service emerges to ensure that warfighting in the domain receives the necessary focus for education, training, recruiting, doctrine development, force generation, and as a leading voice in the ongoing discussion of that domain at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. Increasing the diplomatic costs of Russian cyber aggression, shoring up cyber defenses, or even fostering military-to-military or working-level diplomatic channels to discuss cyber red lines, however discretely and unofficially, could present better choices than apparently gambling with the safety of civilians that both sides' forces are sworn to protect. In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations blurring of the line between peace and war. Or, as Nye wrote, in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer programs user.. For example, they've made attempts to interfere in the 2016, 2018 and now 2020 U.S. elections, as well as elections of allies and partners. Additionally, once all MRT-C and KT-C are identified, the information should be stored and shared using an existing secure database. By no means should the Kremlin's activity go unanswered. Why a US-Russia Cyber Agreement Is Needed but Currently Not Possible 10 how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia; how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia. Commentary gives RAND researchers a platform to convey insights based on their professional expertise and often on their peer-reviewed research and analysis. Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. Joe Cheravitch is a defense analyst at the nonprofit, nonpartisan RAND Corporation. Securing DoD information and systems against malicious cyber activity, including DoD information on non-DoD-owned networks; and 5. The full consequences of potential adversary cyberspace operations (CO) in the DOD are still being fully understood. A declared expansion in targeting Russian power grids could ensure that future disruptions, which can occur spontaneously, are seen by Moscow as an unmistakable act of U.S. cyber aggression. Prospects for US-Russia Cyber Rules of the Road:An American Perspective 7 Building dependable partnerships with private-sector entities who are vital to helping support military operations. Within each DOD component constructed network are thousands of subordinate networks, information technology equipment, tools and applications, weapon system technologies and data spanning across bases, posts, camps, and station levels. Air Force Airman 1st Class Christopher Kendrick, 49th Communications Squadron cyber transport technician, connects fiber optic cables to the base network switches at the base network control center on Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., June 30, 2020. 2101 Wilson Blvd, Suite 700 Question 1. Inversely, Russia's capacity, particularly within its military, was outpaced by its will to use cyber operations against perceived adversaries. While the Russian author believes that a risk of cyber-related escalation to kinetic conflict between Russia and the U.S. does exist (for instance, in the event of a cyber breach of the other sides weapons systems), the U.S. authors are hesitant to affirm the likelihood of such escalation as there have not yet been significant real-world examples of it and, more generally, the risks are still underexplored. Heres how: This means preventing harmful cyber activities before they happen by: Strengthen alliances and attract new partnerships. The New York Cyber Task Forces 2017 report discusses the idea of leverage, for instance, in a somewhat productized sense vis--vis software and internet security. Air Force Establishing a separate service in the air domain was not instantaneous or without controversy: creation of the US Air Force was gradational, spanned two world wars, and was marked by resistance from within the Army and Navy. Home Disclaimer. One thing though all can be certainly sure of, is that there are others out there based in many places elsewhere, who be of a similar persuasion to be a pioneering prime lead in such a predominant field of ACTive IT Endeavour, and equally enthusiastically interested in programs and projects of advanced intelligent design built and maintained to not fail, and being further developed to exceed all expectations with guaranteed stability in overwhelmingly powerful performance situations/great game changing events. Training and Education Command(TECOM) A separate service could exercise both law enforcement and homeland defense authorities only afforded to one other military service: the United States Coast Guard. But our competitors including terrorists, criminals, and foreign adversaries such as Russia and China - are also using cyber to try to steal our technology, disrupt our economy and government processes, and threaten critical infrastructure. Within a given cyberspace mission, different types of cyberspace actions can occur. Joint Electronic Library (JEL+), An official website of the United States government, U.S. Cyber Command members work in the Integrated Cyber Center, Joint Operations Center at Fort George G. Meade, Md., April. The 2018 National Defense Strategy (NDS) and 2018 Joint Concept for Integrated Campaigning present the idea of global integration: arranging military actions in time, space, and purpose to address security challenges. Pinterest. February 1, 2023 Facebook. All rights reserved. Global Health Program, Higher Education Webinar: Teaching the History of American Democracy, Webinar Russia is conducting cyber espionage that has the potential to disrupt critical infrastructure and erode confidence in America's democratic system, she said. China is using cyber espionage for military and economic advantages, Mortelmans said. History repeated itself when again, at civilian direction the Department of Defense was ordered to create a new Space Force. Conditions Necessary for Negotiating a Successful Agreement 13 A gulf in both the will to use cyber operations and the capacity to launch them separated the two for almost 20 years. However, growing cyber threats from state and non-state actors threaten those values,the Defense Department's principal director for Cyber Policy said. In just a few years, Air Force Space Commands General John Raymond went from being an opponent of the Space Force to its first Chief of Space Operations![10]. 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